Najpierw jest cytat
Na lekcji nauczycielka mówi coś wprost. Gdy zapisujemy dokładne słowa, mamy Direct Speech, czyli cytat.
The teacher said, "I am ready."
Zapisz się
Mowa zależna
Maja najpierw słyszy dokładne słowa nauczycielki, a później przekazuje je koleżance własnymi słowami. Reported Speech jest właśnie taką relacją: nie cytujemy zdania, tylko mówimy, kto co powiedział, zapytał albo polecił.
Historia Mai
Na lekcji nauczycielka mówi coś wprost. Gdy zapisujemy dokładne słowa, mamy Direct Speech, czyli cytat.
The teacher said, "I am ready."
Po lekcji Maja nie odtwarza każdego słowa. Przekazuje sens wypowiedzi: kto mówił i co było najważniejsze.
Maja said that the teacher was ready.
To już nie mówi nauczycielka, tylko Maja opowiada później. Dlatego zmieniają się osoby, miejsce i czas: I, here, tomorrow.
"I will meet you here tomorrow." -> He said he would meet me there the next day.
Pytanie w Reported Speech nie brzmi już jak pytanie. Przy prośbach i poleceniach Maja używa najczęściej asked albo told z to.
She asked if I was ready. She told me to wait.
Szybka decyzja
said / told / asked
She said she was ready.
She told me she was ready.
I -> he / she, you -> me / us
"I like you." -> She said she liked me.
"We will help." -> They said they would help.
present -> past, will -> would
"I am tired." -> She said she was tired.
"I will call." -> She said she would call.
Konstrukcja
Osoba + said / told + osoba + zdanie po zmianie czasu
She said she was tired.
He told me he liked English.
Osoba + asked + if / where / when + zdanie bez inwersji
She asked if I was ready.
He asked where I lived.
Osoba + told / asked + osoba + to + czasownik
Dad told me to wait.
She asked us not to be late.
Następstwo czasów
"I live here." -> She said she lived there.
"I am studying." -> He said he was studying.
"I saw Tom." -> She said she had seen Tom.
"I have finished." -> He said he had finished.
"I will call." -> She said she would call.
"I can swim." -> He said he could swim.
"We are going to move." -> They said they were going to move.
"I must go." -> She said she had to go.
Zaimki i określenia czasu
"I will meet you here tomorrow."
She said she would meet me there the next day.
Pytania
Używamy if albo whether.
"Do you like tea?" -> She asked if I liked tea.
Zostawiamy słówko: where, when, why, what, how.
"Where do you live?" -> He asked where I lived.
Po asked wracamy do szyku zdania twierdzącego.
She asked where I was, not where was I.
Operatory znikają, a czasownik pokazuje czas.
"What did you buy?" -> He asked what I had bought.
Polecenia i prośby
told + osoba + to + czasownik
"Open the book." -> She told me to open the book.
"Wait here." -> He told us to wait there.
asked + osoba + to + czasownik
"Please help me." -> She asked me to help her.
"Please be quiet." -> He asked us to be quiet.
told / asked + osoba + not to + czasownik
"Do not touch it." -> She told me not to touch it.
"Do not be late." -> He asked us not to be late.
Wyjątki
Gdy wypowiedź jest stałą prawdą albo faktem naukowym, czas może zostać bez zmiany.
The teacher said the Earth revolves around the Sun.
Jeśli coś wciąż jest prawdą, można nie cofać czasu, żeby podkreślić aktualność.
Maja said she lives in Marki.
Po says, tells albo asks w teraźniejszości nie cofamy czasu automatycznie.
She says she is ready.
Should, would, could i might zwykle zostają takie same.
She said I should rest.
Uwaga
She said me that she was tired.
PoprawnieShe told me that she was tired.
He asked where did I live.
PoprawnieHe asked where I lived.
She said she will call me.
PoprawnieShe said she would call me.
Dad told me do not be late.
PoprawnieDad told me not to be late.
She told that she was ready.
PoprawnieShe said that she was ready. / She told me that she was ready.
He asked me what do I want.
PoprawnieHe asked me what I wanted.
Praktyka
Propozycja kolejności